The internet is an abundant resource, but it has its shortcomings. After an exhaustive examination I can declare that, astonishingly, it has no adequate strategy guide for the retro lo-tech classic '20 Questions' (or '20Q' if you unfortunate enough to have allowed the intangible wonders of your childhood to have been bought and rebadged by Mattel).
This is a guide for The Questioners; a guide for The Answerer is a work in progress. We're going to learn together by running through a blow-by-blow account of one game. Please try to throw yourself into this pedagogical relationship by trying to become one of The Questioners.
1. Is it on the planet earth? [Yes]
What a disastrous start. Resist the urge to be the kind of person who always seeks approval and affirmation.
TIP: With each question try to cut the number of possibilities in half. Although ‘the earth' does not account for half of the known universe, The Answerer is very biased towards choosing earth-based items.
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META TIP: Try to play the game with people who know the least number of THINGS. I cannot stress this enough. The narrower any player's vocabulary, experiences, or imagination, the narrower your possibility space and the easier your task. This tip works on the premise that it is generally considered unacceptable to pick items which any player is unaware of.
2. Is it a man-made object? [Yes]
A cheeky question. This smuggles two questions into one, since technically by this point it has not been established that the item is an ‘object' instead of something like ‘a feeling ‘ (for example: ‘remorse). We've also got more information than we may at first think, since now we know that the item is not a person. Yet beware: there will ALWAYS be a difficult character who insist that human beings are man-made.
Please note that occasionally I will write ‘!!' and give supplementary notes on how the game '20 Questions' is meant to be played, i.e. I will try to write the unwritten (and thereby unacceptably vague) rules of the game. Why on earth people play games with undetermined systems of rules, I confess I have no idea, but my sister seems to derive a particularly large amount of satisfaction from playing fast and loose. I don't generally like to name and shame people but it'd be unfair on my other sister to taint her with suspicion; I am talking about Rosanna.
!! This is an example of where you have to check your moral compass. Is it ethically justifiable to ask a loaded question like this? Only you can decide these serious matters.
3. Does anybody who lives in this house own one of these? [No]
This was the first good, and morally non-dubious question. It eliminates a great swathe of items and gets right to the point.
4. Could any family of a child at Hogwarts have one of these in their households? [No]
Although this looks like a shot in the dark, it was in fact an ingenious question. All of The Questioners could finally breathe a sigh of relief in the knowledge: this is not going domestic.
TIP: Cut nature at the joints. Nobody is going to benefit from questions half-way along something, keep your knife well sharpened and make one clean cut.
5. Does it cost over £1000? [Yes]
A good question.
TIP: I am assuming you are playing with a team of multiple Questioners. It is crucial – for both your success and the spiritual wellbeing of the team – to raise and deliberate contender questions. This question was only asked after a string of unrepeatable questions that would have got the Quesioners no closer to their goal. Most of the poor questions here were asked by rogue Questioners going it alone.
6. Can you buy one on a typical British High Street? [No]
An average question.
!! You will have to decide amongst yourselves whether you allow words like ‘typical', ‘ordinary', ‘average' and so on. One man's ‘typical' is certainly not another man's ‘typical', and we all know from school mathematics (hopefully) that there are at least three averages (by the way, ‘range' is not an average).
7. Is it bigger than that Scattegories box [Yes][It had to be verified that ‘bigger' referred to comparative volume]
Right, now we're flying high with clear, quantitative questions.
!! No game has required me to explain the difference between ‘mass' and ‘volume' quite as often as '20 Questions'. Always disambiguate the questions so that you don't get caught out later.
8. Do you have to be a professional to operate one of these? [Pass]
[reworded] Would it typically be a professional who uses one of these? [Yes]
A good, creative question.
!! A seasoned Answerer will always ‘Pass' if given insufficient detail in the question. Two things: firstly, a pass does not count as a question. Secondly, don't throw the baby out with the bathwater: a clear reformulation of the question will pay dividends.
9. Is it from the scientific realm? [Yes]
I'm still recovering from hearing this question. This question screams: ‘I despise and am fearful of all things modern and scientific'. It eliminates almost nothing. Yuck.
10. Is it made mostly of metal? [Yes]
An OK question, but are there that many things priced over £1000 that are not made of metal? Half of the possibilities?
These are the worries you need to concern yourselves with.
11. Is it The Underground? [No]
The person asking this question thought they were being a maverick, but they would better be described as a loose cannon. It was embarrassing.
!! You have to establish early on whether or not it's acceptable to blurt out questions. This was clearly an ‘item guesser' or an ‘endpoint question' rather than a ‘field narrower'. If you do have a serious ‘item guess', get it verified.
I mean, come on, it would be amazing if the only thing on the planet earth, fashioned out of metal, operated by a professional, found possibly at the house of the family of a child attending Hogwarts, and costing over £1000, was The Underground.
12. Is it used for transportation? [No]
A much better field-narrower.
TIP: Don't be afraid to throw in a disjunction, such as ‘Is it used for transportation OR healthcare'? Remember the golden rule: try to halve the possibilities with every question.
13. Can it help save somebody's life? [*Hesitation*, then No]
Probably ‘question of the match'. A turning point.
TIP: Put all your creative efforts into eliciting hesitation. Then submit to the power of inference.
!! Make it clear to the Answerer that: simulated hesitation is NOT allowed. I once played with someone who ‘won' but later confessed that they had intentionally dropped some hesitation down to act as diversionary crumbs. They were not welcome guests for long. '20 questions' is a competitive game but with cooperative principles.
14. Is it medical equipment? [No]
15. Is it military? [Yes]
A double-whammy of straightforward field-narrowing.
TIP: Continually re-evaluate past discoveries. Poirot would have been in his element in '20 questions'.
16. Could a standard military man pick it up alone? [No]
17. Is it a cannon? [No]
One wonderful question; one outrageous question. The second question was a definite blurt which left the Questioners with only three final opportunities. Things were getting sweaty.
I mean, come on, it would be amazing if the only thing on the planet earth, fashioned out of metal, operated by a professional, found possibly at the house of the family of a child attending Hogwarts, and costing over £1000, was The Underground.
12. Is it used for transportation? [No]
A much better field-narrower.
TIP: Don't be afraid to throw in a disjunction, such as ‘Is it used for transportation OR healthcare'? Remember the golden rule: try to halve the possibilities with every question.
13. Can it help save somebody's life? [*Hesitation*, then No]
Probably ‘question of the match'. A turning point.
TIP: Put all your creative efforts into eliciting hesitation. Then submit to the power of inference.
!! Make it clear to the Answerer that: simulated hesitation is NOT allowed. I once played with someone who ‘won' but later confessed that they had intentionally dropped some hesitation down to act as diversionary crumbs. They were not welcome guests for long. '20 questions' is a competitive game but with cooperative principles.
14. Is it medical equipment? [No]
15. Is it military? [Yes]
A double-whammy of straightforward field-narrowing.
TIP: Continually re-evaluate past discoveries. Poirot would have been in his element in '20 questions'.
16. Could a standard military man pick it up alone? [No]
17. Is it a cannon? [No]
One wonderful question; one outrageous question. The second question was a definite blurt which left the Questioners with only three final opportunities. Things were getting sweaty.
TIP: If a fellow Questioner says things like ‘It has to be a cannon or a catapult' then question them directly: does it? Does it?
18. Is it a weapon of mass destruction? [Yes]
A superb question. This now left very few options which did fit with all the earlier responses.
19. Is it a catapult? [No]
Another ‘blurt'. And not a weapon of mass destruction by any definition.
20. Is it an atomic bomb? [YES. GAME WON.]
Congratulations to The Questioners. It should be obvious that this point could've been reached about 5 questions earlier with just a modicum of skill and forethought. Hopefully now you will have this advantage when you play '20 Questions'.
Have any tips of your own? Please add them to the ‘Comments'.
Next week: GAMEFAQ for ‘Eye Spy'…
B.F Skinner, a leading 20th century psychologist who hypothesized that behavior was caused only by external factors, not by thoughts or emotions, was a controversial figure in a field that tends to attract controversial figures. In a realm of science that has given us Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung and Jean Piaget, Skinner stands out by sheer quirkiness. After all, he is the scientist who trained rats to pull levers and push buttons and taught pigeons to read and play ping-pong.
Besides Freud, Skinner is arguably the most famous psychologist of the 20th century. Today, his work is basic study in introductory psychology classes across the country. But what drives a man to teach his children's cats to play piano and instruct his beagle on how to play hide and seek? Last year, Norwegian researchers dove into his past to figure it out. The team combed through biographies, archival material and interviews with those who knew him, then tested Skinner on a common personality scale.
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They found Skinner, who would be 109 years old today, was highly conscientious, extroverted and somewhat neurotic—a trait shared by as many as 45 percent of leading scientists. The analysis revealed him to be a tireless worker, one who introduced a new approach to behavioral science by building on the theories of Ivan Pavlov and John Watson.
Skinner wasn't interested in understanding the human mind and its mental processes—his field of study, known as behaviorism, was primarily concerned with observable actions and how they arose from environmental factors. He believed that our actions are shaped by our experience of reward and punishment, an approach that he called operant conditioning. The term 'operant' refers to an animal or person 'operating' on their environment to affect change while learning a new behavior.
Operant conditioning breaks down a task into increments. If you want to teach a pigeon to turn in a circle to the left, you give it a reward for any small movement it makes in that direction. Soon, the pigeon catches onto this and makes larger movements to the left, which garner more rewards, until the bird completes the full circle. Skinner believed that this type of learning even relates to language and the way we learn to speak. Children are rewarded, through their parents' verbal encouragement and affection, for making a sound that resembles a certain word until they can actually say that word.
Skinner's approach introduced a new term into the literature: reinforcement. Behavior that is reinforced, like a mother excitedly drawing out the sounds of 'mama' as a baby coos, tends to be repeated, and behavior that's not reinforced tends to weaken and die out. 'Positive' refers to the practice of encouraging a behavior by adding to it, such as rewarding a dog with a treat, and 'negative' refers to encouraging a behavior by taking something away. For example, when a driver absentmindedly continues to sit in front of a green light, the driver waiting behind them honks his car horn. The first person is reinforced for moving when the honking stops. The phenomenon of reinforcement extends beyond babies and pigeons: we're rewarded for going to work each day with a paycheck every two weeks, and likely wouldn't step inside the office once they were taken away.
Today, the spotlight has shifted from such behavior analysis to cognitive theories, but some of Skinner's contributions continue to hold water, from teaching dogs to roll over to convincing kids to clean their rooms. Here are a few:
1. The Skinner box. To show how reinforcement works in a controlled environment, Skinner placed a hungry rat into a box that contained a lever. As the rat scurried around inside the box, it would accidentally press the lever, causing a food pellet to drop into the box. After several such runs, the rat quickly learned that upon entering the box, running straight toward the lever and pressing down meant receiving a tasty snack. The rat learned how to use a lever to its benefit in an unpleasant situation too: in another box that administered small electric shocks, pressing the lever caused the unpleasant zapping to stop.
2. Project Pigeon. During World War II, the military invested Skinner's project to train pigeons to guide missiles through the skies. The psychologist used a device that emitted a clicking noise to train pigeons to peck at a small, moving point underneath a glass screen. Skinner posited that the birds, situated in front of a screen inside of a missile, would see enemy torpedoes as specks on the glass, and rapidly begin pecking at it. Their movements would then be used to steer the missile toward the enemy: Pecks at the center of the screen would direct the rocket to fly straight, while off-center pecks would cause it to tilt and change course. Skinner managed to teach one bird to peck at a spot more than 10,000 times in 45 minutes, but the prospect of pigeon-guided missiles, along with adequate funding, eventually lost luster.
3. The Air-Crib. Skinner tried to mechanize childcare through the use of this 'baby box,' which maintained the temperature of a child's environment. Humorously known as an 'heir conditioner,' the crib was completely humidity- and temperate-controlled, a feature Skinner believed would keep his second daughter from getting cold at night and crying. A fan pushed air from the outside through a linen-like surface, adjusting the temperature throughout the night. The air-crib failed commercially, and although his daughter only slept inside at night, many of Skinner's critics believed it was a cruel and experimental way to raise a child.
4. The teaching box. Skinner believed using his teaching machine to break down material bit by bit, offering rewards along the way for correct responses, could serve almost like a private tutor for students. Material was presented in sequence, and the machine provided hints and suggestions until students verbally explained a response to a problem (Skinner didn't believe in multiple choice answers). The device wouldn't allow students to move on in a lesson until they understood the material, and when students got any part of it right, the machine would spit out positive feedback until they reached the solution. The teaching box didn't stick in a school setting, but many computer-based self-instruction programs today use the same idea.
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5. The Verbal Summator. An auditory version of the Rorschach inkblot test, this tool allowed participants to project subconscious thoughts through sound. Skinner quickly abandoned this endeavor as personality assessment didn't interest him, but the technology spawned several other types of auditory perception tests.
